The Federation and How It Went Bad
Posted: 2005-01-13 03:27pm
This was actually written as part of a larger fluff piece for a Spacebattles SD. But Phong talked me into posting it elsewhere. So here it is.
The Federation spent the 24th Century trying to build the "Enlightened Society"; a multi-racial society in which every member was dedicated to the betterment of sentient life. This was an implicit attack on capitalism and the free market, which was and always has been directed by the force of personal desire for wealth. The Federation government used, and sometimes abused, it's power in an effort to dismantle the private sector and institute a benevolent command economy who's sole purpose would be to provide for each member of Federation society. This central impulse created the system that would eventually tear the Federation apart.
The "Enlightened Society" was first proposed by a Vulcan philosopher-scientist, Sirok, in an academic essay published in 2289. He used Vulcan society as a model. The Vulcans had a command economy, one of the few in the Federation, because of their devotion to Surakism. Surak's teachings opposed the idea of private property and the pursuit of personal power and luxury, as the way to cultural and social enlightenment was selfless service to society and the suppression of personal desires and emotions in favor of strict logical thinking, more properly translated as "reality-truth". Trying to improve one's power and wealth was dismissed as wasteful, an unending course that could only squander one's potential. Sirok proposed that other races, over time, would see the wisdom of Surak's way and recognize that their personal desires and greed were keeping them and their societies stagnant and unable to improve themselves. Various Leftist parties on Earth and other worlds took up the cause and publicized it widely.
The pressing questions about re-distribution was aided by the first forays into replicator technology. In 2295 scientists from Cambridge successfully tested the first replicator by creating a marble bust of Sir Issac Newton from a raw hunk of marble. Two years later, a team from Berkeley University near San Francisco successfully replicated a frankfurter and fed it to the pet Labrador of one of the researchers, with no ill effects to the canine. Though it was soon obvious that replicated food lacked the taste of "real" food, replicators proved a remarkable source of plentiful food. All that was needed was raw foodstuffs; replicators, hooked into transporter-related systems, could handle transportation and cooking needs at once by providing a fresh plate of cooked, ready food at the touch of a button. The power demands were a concern, but the development of ultra-light fusion reactors in 2304 Local provided a solution.
All that remained was politics. In 2302 the 35th Federation Council was elected. Sirok was Vulcan's choice. He drafted the Basic Necessities Act (BNA), which would allow the Federation's government to buy foodstuffs, medicine, and construction material at low, regulated prices to provide food, medical aid, and housing to all citizens. The act failed due to the estimated cost. Sirok and his small cadre of supporters counter-attacked publicly: they pointed out that Starfleet had not yet cut down it's forces to the level agreed to in the Khitomer Accords, costing money that could go to the BNA among other things. It was a selective release of information, as the complete demilitarization of the Federation-Klingon border was not meant to be completed until 2310, but it worked and the public began insisting on abiding by the Accords.
The 2306 elections were positive for Sirok's "New Way". They campaigned strongly enough to win several planetary governments, particularly regional governments with large numbers of urban dwellers, and gained enough seats in the Federation Council to come to the forefront. But they still failed to put through the BNA. Starfleet was proving a focal point for resistance, as many of it's political supporters, usually disparate and opposed to one another, banded together to oppose the BNA as requiring the scrapping of Starfleet. The New Way countered that Starfleet was no longer needed in such strength. There were no more threats to the Federation.
Starfleet found something to latch onto. In 2308 a shockwave was detected in Romulan space. Intelligent assets and Romulan press releases quickly determined the cause; the Romulans had successfully detonated a trilithium bomb. Trilithium, a waste product from the use of dilithium crystals in matter/antimatter reactors, was notoriously unstable and a few scientists had speculated that sufficient quantities of it, properly refined, could cause stars to explode. Starfleet brought the matter before the Council and insisted on maintaining defense spending. Only with their current force level could they protect the Federation from this "barbarous new Romulan weapon", which could "annihilate entire star systems". Reports indicating otherwise were quashed. Starfleet's leading admirals needed the fear the bomb engendered to keep the public from leaning toward Sirok.
Their exaggerations were probably greater than they imagined. Though Romulan sources are scarce even today, it is widely accepted that the trilithium bomb was a bust. The Romulans found that it was impossible, with their current means, to produce sufficient amounts of refined trilithium to cause even the smallest stars to explode. But they found the illusion Starfleet created valuable later on.
The Tomed Incident came later that year. Whether it was a purposeful attempt to embarrass Starfleet or not is still up to debate. Reacting to a slight provocation - an apparent violation of the Neutral Zone by a Federation ship - the Romulans launched a full-scale attack on a Federation starbase at Tomed. The starbase and it's defenders were destroyed, killing tens of thousands of Federation nationals. Starfleet responded viciously and a counter-attack led by Admiral Hikaru Sulu threw the Romulans back over the Neutral Zone. Both sides lost dozens of ships. Warnings were issued as both sides prepared for war.
Sirok grabbed his opportunity. He called on the Federation Council to negotiate with the Romulan government and prevent a war from shattering the peace so recently won. Some of Starfleet's nominal allies abandoned them and supported Sirok's peace movement. It seemed to them, and many in the Federation, that all of Starfleet's promises were hollow; it alone could not prevent conflict by it's strength, and the circulating press story that Starfleet provoked the Romulans into the attack made it seem that Starfleet was even willing to go to war to justify it's power, a war it obviously was ill-prepared to fight if the Romulans had defeated them so easily.
The Romulans knew better. They took more losses at Tomed than the Federation knew and Sulu's counter-attack had cost them dearly. They were not ready for war with the Federation, especially not with the Klingons ready to defend their "allies" for a chance at valuable Romulan territory. Furthermore, there were great security concerns. Too many Romulans, especially in the colonies, were opposed to the government's initiatives. The Romulans accepted Sirok's offer to negotiate, desiring a more permanent treaty that could give them time to upgrade their military and deal with their internal problems.
The two sides agreed to meet at Algeron. The Romulans' terms were strong. Fifty percent of both sides' Neutral Zone military installations would be dismantled (exempting listening posts) and the amount of forces they could deploy near the Neutral Zone reduced, the Romulans by a quarter and the Federation by seventy-five percent. In exchange, they would agree to a promise of non-aggression and compensation to the victims of Tomed. The Federation countered with an additional request to ban trilithium weapons. The Romulans were apparently stunned that the Federation would be concerned about a useless weapon, and failed to immediately address the issue. When the Federation's request became a virtual demand, the Romulans took their opportunity and agreed to a term to ban trilithium weapons so long as the Federation banned use of cloaking devices by Starfleet. The Federation agreed to all the terms.
The Romulan government was stunned. Their opening terms had been strong because they expected the Federation government to demand a more equitable reduction of forces. They had underestimated the pull Sirok was gaining in the Federation Government. Tomed had proven him right, it seemed: keeping Starfleet powerful would only guarantee more conflict and bloodshed, whereas peaceful negotiation and agreement would bring lasting peace. Khitomer had already provided the basis for the theory and it would be another half century before the Federation would begin to learn otherwise. The success of the Second Treaty of Algeron emboldened the Romulan government, and it would spend the next fifty years in diplomatic isolation, purging their government, industries, and education system of "undesirable" influences (driving many "reactionaries" into the colonies) in preparation for dealing, finally, with the Federation and Klingon Empire.
Sirok was now the major force in Federation government. He led the Federation Council in the removal of President Sorxana Metheloi, blaming her for failing to keep Starfleet under control. Sirok and the New Way allied with several leftist and non-Human parties at this point and mustered the strength to place Neo-Socialist leader Hadrian Benton into the Presidency. The Neo-Socialists were primarily strong in Human communities, only just beginning to expand their strength into non-Human Federation races; the alliance between the New Way and the Neo-Socialists would open them up to this extra step, as many of the Alpha Quadrant races far from the Klingon and Romulan borders mistrusted the other Human parties as too warlike.
With this new alliance, the New Way Coalition controlled the Federation government. It passed the BNA, with modifications insisted on by President Benton; the BNA now allowed the Federation government to nationalize companies that went bankrupt or refused to cooperate with the new system. Several groups protested that this was unconstitutional. A third of the Council walked out when the BNA was passed and several Council members resigned and urged their planetary governments to break with the Federation if the BNA was enforced. The Federation's private sector, however, soon proved structurally weak to the New Way. There were very few agricultural and construction companies of sufficient resources to oppose the Government because most were small, usually servicing only one continent or planetary region; many gave in rather than trying to oppose the BNA, and the handful that didn't were attacked on two fronts, the beginning of nationalization proceedings coinciding with a vicious press campaign against the company. The citizenry seemed to support the New Way: boycotts against resisting companies devastated most and brought them to heel within a year.
Starfleet was next. The Tomed Incident had provided the excuse Sirok and Benton needed. Two-thirds of Starfleet Command and a third of the Admiralty were sacked by the President and forced to resign. The purge prompted a wave of resignations from lower officers and NCOs in protest; Admirals Sulu and Chekov, the last prominent members of James Kirk's legendary crew still in Starfleet, were amongst them. It was an attempt to bluff Benton into ending his attempted purge but it failed, a failure that would have severe consequences for Starfleet in the coming years. The protests from the public were stronger than they had been from passage of the BNA, but ultimately the New Way prevailed, their supporters in the press playing down the anti-New Way protests and focusing on the more extreme, militant groups to discredit the others. President Benton created a new regulatory body, the Commission on Starfleet Operations, and filled it with New Way men. They in turn appointed a new Starfleet Command composed of "politically suitable" officers (including Starfleet Command's first two Vulcan admirals, mostly notable in that both had only just reached admiralty ranks and were assigned to minor dead-end bureaucracies due to the politics of the pre-purge Starfleet).
2310 was to be the year that the New Way solidified it's power. But the "Old Way" leaders had one last card to play. The New Way's central premise required that the Khitomer Accords be followed and that was about to be challenged. As the election year began, the Klingon Empire announced it could not meet the deadline for the 70% border demilitarization mark that was supposed to be achieved by this time. The Federation press fed upon itself in the frenzy to deal with the announcement due to the clear desire among New Way supporters to sweep it under the rug. The purged Starfleet elements forced the issue in public. The electorate reacted in a mixed fashion. It still wanted the BNA, the guaranteed homes, food, and medical treatment. But old fears of Klingon aggression popped up and anti-New Way demonstrations rocked the worlds along the Klingon Neutral Zone.
Benton proved more maneuverable than Sirok. Sirok insisted on negotiations, but Benton took a hard stance, which had the effect of destroying some of his support with the New Way. His own party was unwilling to abandon their growing popularity in the core worlds and the worlds far from the Klingon and Romulan frontiers. They threw him out. Sirok became President briefly, but his attempts at negotiation failed.
The Klingon Empire was simply unable, structurally, to disarm as much as Gorkon and Azetbur had intended - it's military-industrial complex had too much power. Azetbur pushed the issue in the Klingon High Council, fearing that the Federation might withdraw from the Khitomer Accords. There was resistance from several noble Klingon houses that now had to choose between their traditional support to the government or their own wealth, tied to the military industries. The military began openly defying her authority as well. Azetbur ignored the warnings of her ministers and continued trying to force through a demilitarization in line with the Khitomer Accords. As the Federation election drew closer, Azetbur's pushing hardened. A week before the election she finally managed a Council meeting that could order an immediate withdrawal from the bases, in effect de-militarizing them before the deadline in lieu of immediate dismantling. As she went into the Council Chamber, Azetbur was suddenly attacked by the bodyguards of one of her ministers and fatally stabbed. She died within minutes.
Azetbur's assassination a mere week before the election terrified the Federation populace. Certainly the same Klingon cabal that had killed her father on the eve of the Khitomer Accords was coming to power (in truth her killing was the result of a deranged ultratraditionalist Klingon who opposed female rule). They wanted to be protected. The New Way received it's first setback. Sirok and the four other Vulcan seats were safe due to the New Way's unwavering support from Vulcan, but outside of those seats, the New Way lost a third of it's number in the Council. Surprisingly, a number were lost to the Neo-Socialists, who proved capable - on an individual basis and despite their leadership's support for continued negotiation - of supporting defensive measures more than the pacifist New Way.
Several "Old Way" parties and candidates formed a Coalition and had a near majority to take over the government. They would have to induct the New Way or the Neo-Socialists. Sirok refused to budge from his pacifist position. The Neo-Socialists again proved their malleability when it came to assuming more power. They agreed to join the coalition so long as the BNA was not repealed. The Old Way had no choice and accepted the Neo-Socialists into their midst. With their support, Hikaru Sulu was elected President of the Federation Council.
Sulu would turn out to be the one last gasp of the pre-New Way Federation. Though the ruling coalition could not repeal the BNA, Sulu limited it's use. He stopped all proceeding nationalization cases and raised the price controls so that private sector was no longer in the red from government purchases. The BNA still required him to give the basic living standards (Basic Living Necessities, aka BLN) to all Federation citizens, a task which proved impossible. Sulu's new Cabinent found that even under Benton, funding was short. Only the core sectors could be provided with the BLN. The Neo-Socialists also proved to be mercenary. They would be unable to muster a vote to remove Sulu on their own, but they could still ally with the remaining members of the New Way and their old allies when it came to pushing their social agendas. They pushed through a Council resolution levying a 10% due from all member worlds, to be paid in either funds or BLN goods. Their projections, later proved overly optimistic, showed that this would allow 80% of the Federation to have the BLN within fifteen years.
The charter colonies refused to accept the resolution. Unrepresented in the Federation Council, the charter colonies were the political result of a desire to not give the Federation's founding races an unfair advantage in legislature (which could lead to newer races refusin to join to avoid being marginalized). However, in exchange for not being in the Council, the charter colonies were allowed to rule themselves under any government they wished (so long as it honored the Federation's Constitution) and were exempt from most taxes and dues that could be levied upon represented worlds. They were even permitted to field their own militaries, if they could afford them, so long as they subordinated them to Starfleet in times of crisis. By this point, the population explosion on Earth that started after the Earth-Romulan Wars had expanded to space, and many of these charter colonies were human, a number of them being from particular human cultures as well (there were also similar colonies of Tellarites, Andorians, Betazoids, and other key races).
The Neo-Socialists, again opposing their own coalition partners (And holding hostage their desires to end Starfleet's decline), forced through another Resolution ordering the President to enforce their intial resolution (at the same time they passed a law ensuring they could order dues from any future charter colonies). Sulu refused, citing the Constitution and the Federation's prior agreements with the colonies.
It was Sirok who broke the impasse. In private meetings with Sulu in June 2311, he told the President that if he didn't get the colonies to give the dues, the New Way would put forward a resolution in the Council that would slash Starfleet to such minimal levels that it would be impossible to protect the charter colonies. With the support of the Neo-Socialists and other pacifist groups, it would certainly pass with just enough votes to overcome Sulu's veto (literally one vote, in fact). This amounted to extortion. The colonies mostly lacked the defenses to protect themselves, especially near the frontier. They would have to build up their own defenses and it could cost far more than the dues the Federation was asking for.
Sulu acqueised and extracted a promise from Sirok that Starfleet would be allowed to pursue the New Fleet program that had been initially proposed under Metheloi (this would lead to the modernization of the Excelsior fleet and the building of the newly-planned Ambassador-class battle cruisers and New Orleans-class frigates, among other things). Sirok agreed, perhaps reluctantly. Sulu, not wanting to deal with a court battle with the colonial leaders, forwarded the agreement to the charter colonies, urging them to accept; he could not prevent Sirok and the New Way from getting what they wanted. All but a few charter colonies agreed. In groups over the next few weeks, they began cooperating with the dues and money and materials came into Federation coffers, allowing the BNA to be implemented in the inner tenth of the Federation's territory by 2314.
Sulu's victory was the modernization and upgrading of Starfleet. He then used this as a bargaining chip with the Klingons. The Klingons had become technologically stagnant at this point. Their economy was still unstable as it tried to deal with the cleanup of Quo'noS while overcoming the entrenched military-industrialists, and they could ill afford a new arms race with the Federation so far in the lead. Thus they would not be able to match Starfleet's new forces and lacked the offensive strength to threaten a successful pre-emptive strike before they came online. The new Klingon government under Chancellor Korlaq gave in and demilitarization was put back on track and would remain so for nearly twenty years.
Sulu also attempted to undo Benton's purge. He invited a number of commanders back, but many were rejected by the Commission of Starfleet Operations, which was still controlled by Benton's men. There were also public protests, as many Federation citizens linked those leaders with Tomed (which was coming to be seen as a disaster, not as a failed Romulan attack). Sulu tried to replace the Starfleet Commissioners but was compelled by legislative pressure to back down.
The 2314 elections led to the New Way regaining a few seats, almost all at the expense of the "Old Way", while the Neo-Socialists remained relatively stable in their numbers. Sirok wanted to remove Sulu and cease the New Fleet, but the Neo-Socialists (now under Michelle Moore) again sided with the other parties. They, perhaps more than Sirok, appreciated the need for a powerful Starfleet to keep the Klingons honest.
The two parties still agreed on the key issues, and were making advancements. As the Klingons met their demilitarization marks, the fears that had led to their setbacks in 2310 subsided. Furthermore, by 2318 the BLN was available on 2 out of every 10 Federation worlds. Both parties surged in public membership and support as they made the claim that they were eliminating poverty "for all time", which seemed to be true to the core worlds that voted for most of the Council (in contrast, by then the charter colonies were beginning to feel the ill effects of 10% of their GDPs going to the Federation central government for the BLN and poverty was increasing). The 39th Council was elected that same year, and the "Old Way" parties lost even more ground; the New Way Coalition and Neo-Socialists, together, gained enough seats to control sixty percent of the Council vote. The Neo-Socialists, who had more seats than the New Way, kept Sulu in power but forced him to remove half his Cabinent, including the Secretaries of Transportation, Finance, and Industry, plus the Chairman of the Security Council.
By 2320, the BNA began showing a dark side. Productivity in the core worlds was falling. Unemployment was rising steadily and the pressure on the BLN was increasing. Economists predicted that within ten years, the twenty inner-most systems of the Federation would be de facto command economies as local businesses closed down from a lack of both business and labor. Surveys indicated many people on Earth and nearby planets (save Vulcan) no longer believed it necessary for them to work for a living. The BLN provided everything they needed to survive. They could work little oddjobs once and a while for cash, but so long as they had homes, food, and medical care they were willing to just enjoy life.
It was about to get wrose. In August 2320, the first planet-wide replicator system came online on Mars. Every being living on Mars now had access to public replicators to make whatever they wanted (save weapons, which were not programmed into the system). Earth, Alpha Centauri, and Andor had similar systems online in October, and thirty inner systems were completely online by New Year's. The consumer economy began to collapse. Why would anyone buy a manufactured item when they could easily replicate it for free? Even worse, the public replicator system was considered part of the BLN - the materials and energy needed to power this new, unexpected use of the system came from the BLN. Sulu decided to reform the system and limit it to food. This was not technically a violation of the BNA, so the Council did not stop him. Immediately a wave of public protest erupted; the planets with the replicators wanted the free goods the system offered. They also controlled a disproportionate number of Council seats, and their representatives heeded their protest. A new act, the Replicator Usage Act, was brought forward to the Council to make the use of public replicators for replicating "non-violent items" legal. Sulu vigorously opposed it. He went public; the Federation couldn't afford the RUA being implemented, since it would spike replicator use and require even more raw materials and energy (thus requiring more fusion reactors and even more fuel and staff for those). In 2321 another sixty inner systems gained replicators. Because of the way the Federation Council was set up, these ninety systems controlled a near-majority of the Federation seats at the time. Their neighbors began pursuing them too.
By 2322, eighty percent of the systems with Council seats had planet-wide replicators. Polls and public demonstrations demanded passage of the RUA. The New Way grabbed hold of the issue; Starfleet had to be reduced to provide the funding. The Neo-Socialists vacilitated while Sulu fought back, publicly reminding the Federation's electorate that the money for the BLN came from the charter colonies, who expected defense. Starfleet couldn't be reduced without compromising this.
The New Way won. When the 40th Federation Council convened, seventy-five percent of it's seats were held by the Neo-Socialists and the New Way. Sulu resigned the day after the elections and Sirok was immediately voted to replace him. The New Way and Neo-Socialists split the Cabinent, with the Neo-Socialists taking the key Secretariats of Finance, Industry, and Agriculture, as well as six of the eleven seats in the Federation Security Council. An increase in the levies on the colonies was passed on July 10th 2323, increasing it to 20% by the 2324 fiscal year and 25% by the 2330 fiscal year.
The charter colonies did the only thing left to them: they threatened to secede. Near the Triangle and the Romulan and Klingon frontiers, leaders from three economically powerful charter colony governments in the region - Pacifica, Algrossa, and Nippon - met to debate secession and the formation of a confederated government for self-defense. New Anglia, New Anatolia, the De Soto worlds, and the Hortak Constituency (Andorian) send officials to deliver ultimatums to the Federation government. Several more began openly deliberating secession.
The Neo-Socialists called upon the use of military force to bring the colonies into line. Starfleet could be used to blockade the worlds and force them to accept the will of the Federation government. Sirok wavered while the Neo-Socialists whipped up public support. The colonials were portrayed as greedy capitalists, more intent on their own wealth than on helping to raise all of the peoples of the Federation into prosperity. They had to be stopped, forced to bow to the democratic demands of the Federation's citizenry. Protests and demonstrations broke out against the rebelling colonies. The Colonial Affairs office was purged of suspected sympathizers, writers were fired from news services, and in a few cases confirmed citizens of the charter colonies were outright attacked. It became so bad that when the Federation Supreme Court gave a preliminary ruling in favor of the charter colonies, protestors picketed the Court and one of the Justices was even assaulted while trying to walk his dog.
Sirok was becoming an old man now, well into his 170s. He had worked for over three decades to see his vision of a Federation guided by Surak's teachings realized, and now the neo-Socialists had perverted it with their militarism. He addressed the Council on July 20th and asked them to compromise with the charter colonies. The Neo-Socialists, led by Moore, attacked him viciously. He clearly had no stomach to see his great society come to fruition. The Federation needed a leader who could bring the rebelling colonies to heel and put the Enlightened Society back on track. Half the New Way defected to the Neo-Socialists in the vote of no confidence. Sirok was removed and Moore became President. She immediately began purging the Federation government of Sirok's allies.
Starfleet again became a problem. Sulu had silently appointed officers he trusted into high positions during his Presidency. They refused to attack their own people. Moore sacked Sulu's men and brought back some of Benton's. Starfleet's rank and file nearly revolted now. And some of the public support for force was declining as it became clear that it might result in civil war. After only two months in the Presidency, the Neo-Socialists and New Way removed Moore from office and put in the Council Representative for Tellar, Jovark tha'Twissi.
Jovark played Sirok's old card. He informed the rebelling colonies that he'd have to cut Starfleet if they didn't agree to a dues increase. He also pointedly reminded them, in a public fashion, that they'd probably have to spend just as much of their GDPs to establish their own defenses, which in many case would be reliant on resources within "loyal" Federation systems. Alone, they'd be easy pickings for the Tholians, Klingons, or newly-discovered Cardassians. The colony's public reacted as Jovark hoped and their governments, mostly by slim majorities, backed down and accepted the dues. To facilitate the compromise, Jovark pushed through the Council a modification to the dues increase and removed the increase to 25% in 2330. He perhaps felt that the colony's economies might begin to recover as the BLN was extended to them (a miscalculation that the Secretariat of Finance made, as even the 25% number would not have allowed the BLN to be established in the charter colonies, not to mention the RUA). Nevertheless, the crisis passed without tearing the Federation apart.
This was probably a good thing, as in 2325 new studies showed that the pollution of Quo'noS by the destruction of Praxis three decades before was beginning to decline due to several methods of treating it, mostly developed in the Federation. Though an entire generation of Klingon Homeworld dwellers were poisoned now, the ongoing evacuation could be ended by 2330. In May 2325 the New Anglia-based Center for Federation Defence issued a public report estimating that by 2338 the Klingon military would be able to resume rearmament, with a "year of maximum danger" in 2345; that is, the year that the Klingon Empire could reasonably attack the Federation and expect to win.
Jovark had already decided that Sulu's policy of supporting Starfleet's continued operation was a good policy and he continued it, including the ordering of the second updated flight of New Orleans-class frigates and the expansion of the Ambassador fleet. Jovark may have been influenced by Sulu's Security Advisor, Marilyn Cobalt, who avoided the forced purges in Sulu's final term and afterward. After Jovark's death in 2340, Cobalt wrote in her memoirs that Jovark had possessed very little personal understanding of military affairs and matters of Federation security, meaning he was likely to follow the best-sounding suggestion to come across, which was usually Cobalt due to Jovark's personal respect for Sulu (and by extension, Sulu's choices for advisors). Cobalt's advice centered on maintaining Starfleet as a credible military threat to the Federation's many aggressive neighbors. Though negotiations with the Gorn were finally paying off, there were still other threats to be concerned with, particularly the Tholians and the Klingons.
Jovark's party men, Security Council Chairwoman Marie Jospin and Senior Commissioner of Starfleet Operations Ikvora Dosh'kal, often complained about being ignored. They took their complaints to the Neo-Socialist leadership. When the Council officialy protested Cobalt's "unchecked influence on Starfleet policy" in the first open meeting of 2326, Jovark sent Cobalt to address them and defend herself, and Cobalt pointed out to the Council that the strength of Starfleet was the only thing keeping the Klingons in adherence with the Khitomer Accords now that Quo'noS was recovering. The Federation "had twenty years of guaranteed peace left". From 2345 and beyond, nothing could guarantee peace with the Klingon Empire any longer. Despite Jospin and Dosh'kal's protests, the Council accepted her argument.
Jovark also continued Sulu's policy of not levying dues on new charter colonies so that colonization efforts would not be hindered for such little gain. This had an even greater effect that Jovark probably intended. As the dues increase caused economic stagnation in the older established charter colonies, citizenry took off for new ones where taxes would be lower. The resulting increase in manpower - and thus in produced goods, materials, and resources - created an entire generation of economic prosperity in the colony worlds that probably enriched the Federation far more than it anticipated just by tax dues and tariffs from the resulting trade. Had wiser governments less fixed to their course been in power, they may have very well never placed dues upon these worlds. Of course, this did not happen and the boom ended after a generation; many of the colonies established in the 2310s would be levied with dues by the 40s, and by 2360 not a single charter colony in the Federation would be exempt from the dues. The economic health of the frontier charter colonies lapsed at precisely the same time that they were coming under direct external threat, which the Federation's central government often failed to appreciate.
Jovark's Presidency lasted twelve years before he resigned on his own, in which he proved to be a stable head of state, if not overly bright or willing to make sacrifices to reduce the decline of the Federation's private sector. His Vulcan successor, Turok of T'Pala, was the leader of the New Way and Sirok's successor. Turok decided he had no use for Starfleet. The budget crisis wasn't ending and strain on the system was growing. His new Cabinent mostly supported scalebacks in Starfleet, but it was pointed out that the Neo-Socialists still accepted Cobalt's views. Furthermore, scaling back Starfleet would breach the agreement with the charter colonies. They would certainly secede and just deal with the pain of establishing their own defenses.
Turok's new Senior Starfleet Commissioner, T'Par, found a solution. She advocated a silent, secret cutback in the form of "improving efficiency". The public would be told that waste in Starfleet spending would be cut, the fat removed and leaving only muscle. In truth, the new construction programs would be reduced in cost by cutting corners. Fewer and smaller weapons, as well as smaller and less sophisticated shield generators, would be mounted upon ships. The new weapons projects (which would, when re-instated later, eventually produce pulse phaser cannons and the quantum torpedo) would be cut in funding. The government could easily hide the exact funding going to each branch, and by classifying it those in the know could not go public. Turok agreed with T'Par's ideas. Starfleet's budget was thus "scaled back" by no less than 40 percent, as a result of supposed "improved financial efficiency". It would not be until the 2350s that Starfleet would begin to recover; only in 2367, after Wolf 359, would Starfleet's budget return to pre-Turok levels.
Turok's secret budget slashing of Starfleet was not enough to save the faltering system. In the 2330s, only a handful of private companies remained in the initial BNA-related industries, and mostly because they catered to wealthy tastes that could not be included under the BNA. The Federation had found it necessary, under Jovark, to nationalize 95 percent of the core sectors' private agricultural and construction companies, 70 percent of the companies that produced basic consumer goods (chairs, tables, cutlery, appliances, and other items to furnish the public housing provided by the BLN system), and 64 percent of the pharmaceutical companies. The industries that hadn't been touched were also declining from a lack of trained workers. Everyone was falling back on the BLN and the replicator systems, with fewer core sector citizens going to universities and colleges or entering the workforce. By 2340 PellCorp found it necessary to bring in workers from the charter colonies to man the key shipyards at Utopia Planitia due to the lack of a trained and skilled labor force in Sol system.
The GDP of the core sectors, once the heart of Federation industry, was falling as the expenses of the BLN went up. Unlike the charter colonies that didn't have BLN, there was less emigration from the core regions to accomodate the rising population. Immigration from the colonies, in the form of failed entrepreneurs and the poor looking for housing and sustenance, placed even greater burdens on the system. Only the Vulcans were uneffected, as the grip of strict devotion to Surak remained as tight as ever. Vulcans kept working despite the comforts offered, since it was illogical, to them, to become dormant and parasitical upon society. Economists began publishing dire estimates and warnings; the Federation couldn't last this way. By the end of the century, it was estimated that the GDP of Earth would be a mere fifth of it's GDP in 2300 even as it's population rose by thirty-five percent (immigration being partially offset by declining birth rates).
Even Sirok finally turned on his own system. In March 2343, at the age of 194, he published another work. It's title sent waves throughout the New Way; The Failed Experiment. Sirok decided that the Federation could not implement the system he envisaged properly. The other races did not embrace Surak's principles; the embracing of logic and rejection of emotional thinking, the renunciation of personal gain and comfort for working together to better society. A contempotary Human advisor commented "It was as if Marx had renounced the Communist Manifesto in his dotage." The effect on the New Way was profound. Their founder had rejected them. Something must have gone wrong.
Turok thought he found what had happened. The New Way had allowed their ideals to be corrupted by the Neo-Socialists, who had failed to follow Surak. He urged the New Way to reject the Neo-Socialists' agendas, to begin scaling back BLN until the people could be educated in the teaching of Surak. The Neo-Socialists counter-attacked. The New Way was outdated now, nothing more than a pack of weak-stomached Vulcans and Surakists. Only the Neo-Socialists could bring the Enlightened Society to fulfillment.
The Surakist label was clearly negative and unpopular. Despite the claims of the Federation being completely tolerant and unracist, there was always racist sentiments boiling under the surface in a number of communities, particularly against Vulcans, who were perceived as insufferably arrogant. Now the Neo-Socialists tapped that anti-Vulcan sentiment and directed it against the New Way. If a member of the New Way wanted to avoid being tainted by the label "Surakist", they had to break with Turok. Most did; the defectors merged with the Neo-Socialists who in turn removed Turok and elected a new President, a middle-aged Andorian named Jirvshk la'Jart.
Jirvshk had spent his younger years as a member and "agitator" of the Young Socialist Party of Andor in the 2290s, "agitating" on his Homeworld for a return to the "honored ways of our ancestors" and a rejection of "Human materialism". He had served as a member of the party hierarchy for years, working as a bureaucrat in the Andorian Ministry of BLN Distribution and holding it's Minister position for three years before his first election to Andor's seat in the Federation Council in 2332. In 2340, he was furthermore appointed Chairman of the Socialist Party Central Committee. Unlike prior Chairmen, he did not give up his Council seat, and kept the Chairman position even after being elected President. He imemdiately pushed through new protocol; Jirvshk intended that from then on, all Socialist Presidents of the Council would also be Chairmen of the Party's Central Committee. Jirvshk also used his positions, united, to crack down on dissent within the Party (which became capitalized in official correspondence). Dissenters in the bureaucracy were sacked and all dissent was threatened with potential expulsion from the party ranks. That threat alone was severe enough. With the merger, most of the bureaucratic positions managing both the BLN and the colonial levies belonged to the ruling Party. Jirvshk's "reforms" were proving a dangerous combination. Irate historians pointed out that by merging the leadership of the Government to the leadership of the Party and enforcing loyalty to the Party line, he was beginning to emulate the government type of the Soviet Union and it's satellites in the 20th Century. By the time the news widely circulated, Jirvshk had already begun his press reforms and managed to quash the debate in the core sectors by denying it air-time (it continued in the charter colonies, fueling secessionist and anti-government sentiment).
One of the first things Jirvshk did was try to put a positive spin on what had happened. The end of the New Way/Neo-Socialist ruling coalition was not a hostile one; it was a merger of the two parties, to better govern the Federation. To help facilitate government public relations, Jirvshk established the Federation Press Service and granted them a portion of the public communications bandwidth, which had been nationalized under Turok. Press corporations that protested had their licenses revoked. Two, Murdoch Broadcasting and Earth Today, sued and would eventually be heard before the Federation Supreme Court (though their victory in 2347 would be too little, too late, and would be ignored by Jirvshk).
To show that the merger of the Neo-Socialists and the New Way was an honest one, Jirvshk changed the party's name. They became the Party of the Federation's Ideals and would soon be called "Idealogues". What was left of the New Way, under Turok, became the Social Enlightenment Party, but within ten years their membership would be almost entirely composed of Vulcans or non-Vulcans converted to Surakism. A third party, the Social Progressives, would eventually come into being in the 2350s when Jirvshk's successors proved less capable than he in centralizing Party power in the government. The Idealogue Party was now the ruling power of the Federation.
Jirvshk came into office with only a year left before the "year of maximum danger". The Klingons had begun rearming on schedule, with their equivalent of the 2338 Fiscal Year seeing an military budget increase of ten percent. Quo'noS' ozone layer was declared completely repaired a year later. By 2344, they were back to pre-Khitomer spending levels while the Federation was at an all-time low. Jirvshk wanted re-armament but not more than he wanted to maintain and expand the BLN, which he saw as the key to keeping the support for Socialism in the represented core sectors. The Galaxy Project seemed the best solution to reminding the Klingons of how strong the Federation was. But Jirvshk's plans for the future did not include the defense contractors. He had no legal pretense, yet, for nationalizing them, so he simply removed them from the loop. The Federation Starship Design Bureau (FSDB), the Federation Science Council, and various other new bureaucracies for reseach and development were established and staffed with Party loyalists in key positions. They were directed to take over the Galaxy Project. The defense contractors, pasrticularly PellCorp, were disgusted, but could do nothing about it.
The Party loyalists, in turn, were highly nepotistic. For instance, Dr. Matthew Brahms, the Director of the Reactor Development Division, hired his own daughter to help develop the Galaxy-class's warp core despite her failure as a civilian engineer with PellCorp. The differing divisions in the FSDB bickered and struggled, forcing Bureau Director Gora Thashkta - the daughter-in-law of one of Jirvshk's old comrades from his agitating days - to mediate, and in turn she often had to get Jirvshk's permission for budget re-alignment as new technologies for the ship were proposed, scrapped, or altered. The Galaxy-class, originally scheduled to be built by the end of the decade and the beginning of the next, ended up ten years overdue; the U.S.S. Galaxy would not be finished until 2362 and it's second unit, named the Enterprise after the current Enterprise's destruction at Narendra III, would be commissioned in 2363.
Narendra III turned out to be Jirvshk's salvation. The attacks there and at Khitomer by the Romulan Empire convinced the Klingons that the Romulans were too great a threat to leave uncontested while attacking the Federation. They met with Jirvshk and in January of 2347 the Khitomer Accords were "re-affirmed" by the two governments. The Klingons apparently respected Jirvshk more than his earlier two predecessors. He was a "warrior king", according to correspondence from Ambassador Dagktor. The Klingon Empire could rely on him and on the strength of Starfleet. The Klingons never really understood how weak Starfleet had become until the wars of the 50s, and the realization didn't really set in until after Wolf 359 (ironically after the Federation itself begin re-arming).
Jirvshk's external problems were apparently solved. The time for inward consolidation had come. Jirvshk was well-read and a fan of ancient and recent Andorian history. He admired, simultaneously, the ancient autocratic kings of Andor's pre-industrial societies and the Socialist governments that had ruled two of Andor's continents in the two centuries just before contact with other races occurred. Andor, like Earth, had seen the rise of Communist government, but unlike Earth's failed experiment with Communism, Andor's brand managed to stay in power until after alien contact reinforced their enemies and led to their downfall from an inability to meet the technological challenge (most non-Idealogue historians today agree that the Andorian anti-Communist governments' acquisition of alien technology did to their Communist govermments what Reagan's military revolution did to the Soviet Union). Jirvshk believed that Andorian Socialism, unlike it's disproven Human counterpart, could be imposed on the entire Federation. And he was the man to do it.
In 2346, the Idealogues faced their first elections and won nine out of ten seats. New Anglian Parliamentarian Frederick Howard, Duke of New Norfolk, lamented that "the rot is complete". The Federation's core sector populations were happy and content with the BLN. The Idealogues promised to keep it going, while their enemies did not. Thus the Idealogues won easily. Jirvshk took his opportunity. Within days of the results, he removed four of the other ten members of the Party Central Committee, accusing them of "Surakism". Their crime had been to suggest placing limits on the BLN - a politically suicidal thought that could cost the Idealogue Party prestige and support.
After this leadership purge, Jirvshk went after Starfleet indirectly. Though most of it's admirals were considered politically reliable, with the resignations of Sirok's supporters in 2343, Jirvshk distrusted the rank and file. He especially distrusted the Starfleet Marine Corps, which still recruited heavily from the same charter colonies that had reacted negatively to his rise. Jirvshk abolished the Marine Corps with an Executive Order on the 10th of August 2346 and sacked all of it's colonial-born officers. Starfleet Command protested that they needed a force to protect their ships and installations, and to use for planetary invasion. Jirvshk immediately forced through Council legislation establishing the Federation Security Force, formally approved on the 11th of August in a special session for the matter, which was staffed with the remains of the Marine Corps. The FSF for short, they recruited from the "loyal' inner worlds (which did not include Vulcan), gaining mostly listliss youth and the Party's faithful. Officially under the government, they in effect answered to Jirvshk alone, through the Party bureaucrats whom he placed in command.
Jirvshk decided that Starfleet Command wasn't as loyal as he wanted. He signed orders two weeks after the elections that purged Starfleet Command of several leading Admirals who had risen to prominence in Sulu and Jovark's days. Starfleet Commander-in-Chief Joseph Bruti was among those removed, as was the head of Starfleet Operations, Admiral Demora Sulu. The sacking of Hikaru Sulu's daughter, so soon after his passing (he died five days after the election), provoked a protest in San Francisco. It seemed that even twenty-six years of luxury under the BLN was not enough to completely eradicate the legend of the Kirk era from the minds of the common citizenry. Jirvshk decided to act against this "reactionary" tendency by ordering Starfleet to remove the name of Kirk and his comrades, anyone closely associated with him, from their list of potential ship names. He also had the section of Starfleet's history museum dedicated to Kirk's exploits reduced in size and scope and financed a propaganda campaign to revision Kirk's importance to the Federation. His reputed anti-Klingon racism, his violent tendencies, and his rebelliousness and militaristic impulses were espoused in a way to try and turn the public away from their hero worship for Kirk. The campaign mostly failed. The citizens of the Federation would continue to worship Kirk as the ideal Starfleet commander. Jirvshk's subordinantes hid the truth from him with rigged polls and by using Party faithful and hired citizens to hold scripted "protests" against Kirk's surviving comrades whenever they made public appearances. When Jirvshk acted on the false data and ordered the reduction of Leonard McCoy's pension, several members of Starfleet Command, including the heads of Starfleet Medical, secretly sent money to McCoy to compensate. Jirvshk never learned of this rebellion against his authority, probably for the better, as his likely reaction - a purge - would have crippled Starfleet's Medical division for a decade.
The FSF were officially supposed to provide infantry for military purposes and for providing security to government installations. Very quickly, it's Party officers proved the FSF was effective as a secret police force too. Though Jirvshk hadn't done anything to directly effect existing Constitutional rights, the FSF harassed his political adversaries, business owners, and visiting colonials. They recruited spies and moved them into the colonies and set up spy networks that reached into the upper levels of several charter colony governments. When Jirvshk heard that Nikolai Simonov, the Premier of Novya Moskva, was contemplating secession over the establishment of dues over the Muscovite systems in May of 2347, he had him secretly arrested and brought to Earth for trial. The FSF was already in position to be used to suppress the resulting protests. When they were called in to deal with protestors in the Muscovite capitol of Nikolingrad, force had to be used after the protestors began throwing Molotov cocktails. Sixteen people were killed and many wounded. Jirvshk used his control of public communications to block the news from getting out immediately. His propagandists used the time to spin the crackdown as the FSF responding to attacks against them. Jirvshk's enemies still protested. He was becoming a dictator. Juchiro Kanaga, President of Nippon, called on the Federation Council to remove Jirvshk. Kanaga was targeted for arrest by the FSF, but the local FSF commander was unwilling to open fire on the Nipponese Presidential Guards (he was later purged and imprisoned for insubordination). The FSF backed down and Nippon was "punished" by having Starfleet reduce it's presence, which resulted in a twenty percent increase of attacks by Orion pirates.
As Jirvshk struggled to consolidate his power, the budget problems did not improve. The Federation Government was going into debt from the burden of the BLN and abuse of the RUA. Jirvshk tackled the problem in two fashions, both of which having horrible consequences for the future. First, Jirvshk imposed dues on the charter colonies that had been exempt since their establishment during Sulu's Presidency, resulting in the incident on Novya Moskva. For a generation these worlds had generated a great deal of revenue through trade with the core sectors. Now their economies, just now becoming self-sufficient, were effectively reduced by a fifth. Discontent spiked, especially among the older people who in their youth had escaped to the outer charter colonies to escape economic stagnation from the inner colonies' dues. Several protests included the burning of the Federation flag and nationalist, secessionist sentiments gained popularity. In several cases the Party bureaucrats sent to begin overseeing the due payments were subjected to harrassment or even attack.
Jirvshk counter-attacked by reducing Starfleet presence in the most rebellious colonies. The Cardassians raided several for resources and slaves for their industrial complex or for brutish "training exercises" for their army conscripts, including the infamous Rape of Nova Savona in July of 2348. Raids by the Tsen'kethi were also common and would end up provoking the Federation-Tsen'kethi War in the next decade. By 2349, most of the colonies in the region were battered by the combined squeezing of the due payments and damage from the raiding. Thousands of colonists were missing, presumed dead or somewhere in Cardassian space slaving away in forced labor camps. Violence against the bureaucrats had dropped to nothing and Jirvshk re-deployed Starfleet into the region in the first months of '49. He considered the region pacified, but he had in fact created for the Federation government a deadly enemy in the region. The local colonists would not soon forget Jirvshk's great crime against them, and they and their children would swear that it would never happen again.
At the same time as he imposed dues on the outer colonies, Jirvshk ordered the Secretariat of Finance to begin "issuing" more Federation credits. The Credit had been developed by the Government thirty years after the Federation's founding, mostly for the intent of being easy travel money that would be honored anywhere in the Federation and most places outside of it. At one time it was even valued on dilithium, before the re-crystallization process had been discovered. In recent years, the government had been issuing "living credits" for citizens to use with the BLN. There was still a theoretical limit to how much one could acquire with the BLN standard, so the living credits had some value as only so many were issued, depending on the number of people in a household. Jirvshk combined these currencies. They were not printed or coined, of course, and were not technically money; they were now just government-issued credits to ensure everyone had the BLN.
Naturally, every world or government had it's own currency. Some, like the Earth and Pacifican Dollars, Algrossan Mark, Anglian Pound, and Nova Roman Lira were quite popular and widespread as recognizable, valuable hard currency. By this time the Earth dollar was out of circulation, as the need for it collapsed with the destruction of Earth's consumer economy (Several other core world currencies had suffered similar fates), but the others were still in circulation and only weakened by the oppressive dues on the issuing governments. By Federation law, the credit could not be devalued compared to these currencies beyond a certain point (that law had been implemented over a century before to protect the citizenry from market changes in the relative value of the Federation credit, ensuring they could always get hard currency for it). The Federation Government still used the credit as a form of money in dealing with the private companies it bought goods from, including those in the charter colonies that it purchased BLN goods from due to lapses in production in the core worlds. The businesses were paid in credits that were worthless, but by law banks and other institutions had to honor them and allow them to be cashed in for hard currency, even as price controls ensured that the companies were effectively operating at a loss whenever the Government bought their goods. This produced a drain on the Federation economy as the colonies' hard currency was dragged down by the unrestrained issuing of the credit.
Jirvshk seemed to care little. As far as he was concerned, capitalism was a deviation of good social attitude. The glorification of amassing wealth was immoral, and the system it created - companies, corporations, stock markets - should be destroyed in favor of a government run system in which society made the decisions, not wealthy and decadent sentients. To further this end, he needed strong, personal control of the entire Federation, backed up by force and subversion if necessary.
The FSF was now the Party's personal army, but Jirvshk wanted a better apparatus for dealing with internal and external security threats so that the FSF could concentrate on being the visible arm of the Party's forces. He found his solution in a review of Starfleet Intelligence. One of it's bodies was Section 31, an analytical branch devoted to the interpretation of field intel. Jirvshk co-opted it by appointing one of his Party loyalists to lead it. Elements of the FSF were brought into Section 31 to operate under it's control against both internal and external threats. They would begin spying against dissidents, charter colony governments, and foreign governments. Jirvshk likely intended for Section 31 to be the Secret Police and Intelligence branch of his regime.
The transformation of the Federation into a pseudo-Communist state continued. By 2350 there were signs that the BLN's bureaucracy and management were showing the same corruptive tendancies as the old Soviet Union's apparatchik. Materials and hard currency sent to the Federation coffers were being skimmed away and sold for the wealth of bureaucrats, while the bureaucrats, to avoid Jirvshk's wrath, were cooking the books to avoid detection. The nationalized farms and factories providing goods for the BLN were later proved to be having the same problems.
Jirvshk was not finished. Ultimate power was within his grasp. He had already appointed close friends - and fellow Socialist idealogues - into key government positions, but he was not yet out of reach. He had cowed the colonies in the Alpha Quadrant frontier region by reminding them of their helplessness without Starfleet. His internal party purges had guaranteed a bureaucracy that was mostly loyal to him, for fear that he would fire them for deviating from his vision. Many of his would-be rivals had already been purged from the Party ranks and thus the government. But he could still be removed by the Federation Council or the Central Committee, who were growing leery of Jirvshk's growing authoritarianism. They would have to be removed before Jirvshk could become sole authority of the Federation.
We now know from recovered archival data that Jirvshk had apparently planned an internal coup and purge. Jirvshk, as Party Chairman, scheduled a meeting for the 2nd of August of that year with several leading members of the Federation Council (who would presumably be re-elected) and the Party itself at the Party headquarters in Trier on Earth. The same day, the FSF was scheduled to do large-scale, divisional maneuvers in Europe and in California. It seems obvious that Jirvshk was ready to take the final step; removing his potential rivals in the Party and Starfleet and taking direct control. But on June 6th, while making a tour of a new replicator assembly plant on Andor, Jirvshk suddenly collapsed. His physicians reported he had come down with Firvakh's Sickness, a terminal neurological disease. It was one of the quicker cases. Two days after his collapse, physicians agreed Jirvshk was no longer capable of governing. The disease's degeneration of his brain continued, and on the 13th Jirvshk slipped into a coma. He died on the 19th, taking all of his dreams of being a Socialist autocrat with him.
The Government announced a week of mourning to be held. Jirvshk's body was laid in state in the Presidential Palace Courtyard of Paris from the 27th of June to the 27th of July. The Chairwoman of the Security Council, Deborah Miller, served as interim President until the Council Elections were over. The FSF exercises were predictably post-poned. On the 2nd of August, the same day that Jirvshk was possibly intending to seize total power, Deborah Miller was elected President of the Federation Council and Chairwoman of the Party's Central Committee. She immediately renounced some of Jirvshk's strong-handed tactics and dedicated her Presidency to the pursuit of "Galactic Peace". The Federation's brief flirtation with a potential dictatorship was over. Sirok, now 201 years old and suffering from the early stages of Bendii Syndrome, was present at her official inaugeration. He gave Miller his personal endorsement in what was his final public appearance; the architect of the "Enlightened Society" died on February 19th, 2351.
More in next post
The Federation spent the 24th Century trying to build the "Enlightened Society"; a multi-racial society in which every member was dedicated to the betterment of sentient life. This was an implicit attack on capitalism and the free market, which was and always has been directed by the force of personal desire for wealth. The Federation government used, and sometimes abused, it's power in an effort to dismantle the private sector and institute a benevolent command economy who's sole purpose would be to provide for each member of Federation society. This central impulse created the system that would eventually tear the Federation apart.
The "Enlightened Society" was first proposed by a Vulcan philosopher-scientist, Sirok, in an academic essay published in 2289. He used Vulcan society as a model. The Vulcans had a command economy, one of the few in the Federation, because of their devotion to Surakism. Surak's teachings opposed the idea of private property and the pursuit of personal power and luxury, as the way to cultural and social enlightenment was selfless service to society and the suppression of personal desires and emotions in favor of strict logical thinking, more properly translated as "reality-truth". Trying to improve one's power and wealth was dismissed as wasteful, an unending course that could only squander one's potential. Sirok proposed that other races, over time, would see the wisdom of Surak's way and recognize that their personal desires and greed were keeping them and their societies stagnant and unable to improve themselves. Various Leftist parties on Earth and other worlds took up the cause and publicized it widely.
The pressing questions about re-distribution was aided by the first forays into replicator technology. In 2295 scientists from Cambridge successfully tested the first replicator by creating a marble bust of Sir Issac Newton from a raw hunk of marble. Two years later, a team from Berkeley University near San Francisco successfully replicated a frankfurter and fed it to the pet Labrador of one of the researchers, with no ill effects to the canine. Though it was soon obvious that replicated food lacked the taste of "real" food, replicators proved a remarkable source of plentiful food. All that was needed was raw foodstuffs; replicators, hooked into transporter-related systems, could handle transportation and cooking needs at once by providing a fresh plate of cooked, ready food at the touch of a button. The power demands were a concern, but the development of ultra-light fusion reactors in 2304 Local provided a solution.
All that remained was politics. In 2302 the 35th Federation Council was elected. Sirok was Vulcan's choice. He drafted the Basic Necessities Act (BNA), which would allow the Federation's government to buy foodstuffs, medicine, and construction material at low, regulated prices to provide food, medical aid, and housing to all citizens. The act failed due to the estimated cost. Sirok and his small cadre of supporters counter-attacked publicly: they pointed out that Starfleet had not yet cut down it's forces to the level agreed to in the Khitomer Accords, costing money that could go to the BNA among other things. It was a selective release of information, as the complete demilitarization of the Federation-Klingon border was not meant to be completed until 2310, but it worked and the public began insisting on abiding by the Accords.
The 2306 elections were positive for Sirok's "New Way". They campaigned strongly enough to win several planetary governments, particularly regional governments with large numbers of urban dwellers, and gained enough seats in the Federation Council to come to the forefront. But they still failed to put through the BNA. Starfleet was proving a focal point for resistance, as many of it's political supporters, usually disparate and opposed to one another, banded together to oppose the BNA as requiring the scrapping of Starfleet. The New Way countered that Starfleet was no longer needed in such strength. There were no more threats to the Federation.
Starfleet found something to latch onto. In 2308 a shockwave was detected in Romulan space. Intelligent assets and Romulan press releases quickly determined the cause; the Romulans had successfully detonated a trilithium bomb. Trilithium, a waste product from the use of dilithium crystals in matter/antimatter reactors, was notoriously unstable and a few scientists had speculated that sufficient quantities of it, properly refined, could cause stars to explode. Starfleet brought the matter before the Council and insisted on maintaining defense spending. Only with their current force level could they protect the Federation from this "barbarous new Romulan weapon", which could "annihilate entire star systems". Reports indicating otherwise were quashed. Starfleet's leading admirals needed the fear the bomb engendered to keep the public from leaning toward Sirok.
Their exaggerations were probably greater than they imagined. Though Romulan sources are scarce even today, it is widely accepted that the trilithium bomb was a bust. The Romulans found that it was impossible, with their current means, to produce sufficient amounts of refined trilithium to cause even the smallest stars to explode. But they found the illusion Starfleet created valuable later on.
The Tomed Incident came later that year. Whether it was a purposeful attempt to embarrass Starfleet or not is still up to debate. Reacting to a slight provocation - an apparent violation of the Neutral Zone by a Federation ship - the Romulans launched a full-scale attack on a Federation starbase at Tomed. The starbase and it's defenders were destroyed, killing tens of thousands of Federation nationals. Starfleet responded viciously and a counter-attack led by Admiral Hikaru Sulu threw the Romulans back over the Neutral Zone. Both sides lost dozens of ships. Warnings were issued as both sides prepared for war.
Sirok grabbed his opportunity. He called on the Federation Council to negotiate with the Romulan government and prevent a war from shattering the peace so recently won. Some of Starfleet's nominal allies abandoned them and supported Sirok's peace movement. It seemed to them, and many in the Federation, that all of Starfleet's promises were hollow; it alone could not prevent conflict by it's strength, and the circulating press story that Starfleet provoked the Romulans into the attack made it seem that Starfleet was even willing to go to war to justify it's power, a war it obviously was ill-prepared to fight if the Romulans had defeated them so easily.
The Romulans knew better. They took more losses at Tomed than the Federation knew and Sulu's counter-attack had cost them dearly. They were not ready for war with the Federation, especially not with the Klingons ready to defend their "allies" for a chance at valuable Romulan territory. Furthermore, there were great security concerns. Too many Romulans, especially in the colonies, were opposed to the government's initiatives. The Romulans accepted Sirok's offer to negotiate, desiring a more permanent treaty that could give them time to upgrade their military and deal with their internal problems.
The two sides agreed to meet at Algeron. The Romulans' terms were strong. Fifty percent of both sides' Neutral Zone military installations would be dismantled (exempting listening posts) and the amount of forces they could deploy near the Neutral Zone reduced, the Romulans by a quarter and the Federation by seventy-five percent. In exchange, they would agree to a promise of non-aggression and compensation to the victims of Tomed. The Federation countered with an additional request to ban trilithium weapons. The Romulans were apparently stunned that the Federation would be concerned about a useless weapon, and failed to immediately address the issue. When the Federation's request became a virtual demand, the Romulans took their opportunity and agreed to a term to ban trilithium weapons so long as the Federation banned use of cloaking devices by Starfleet. The Federation agreed to all the terms.
The Romulan government was stunned. Their opening terms had been strong because they expected the Federation government to demand a more equitable reduction of forces. They had underestimated the pull Sirok was gaining in the Federation Government. Tomed had proven him right, it seemed: keeping Starfleet powerful would only guarantee more conflict and bloodshed, whereas peaceful negotiation and agreement would bring lasting peace. Khitomer had already provided the basis for the theory and it would be another half century before the Federation would begin to learn otherwise. The success of the Second Treaty of Algeron emboldened the Romulan government, and it would spend the next fifty years in diplomatic isolation, purging their government, industries, and education system of "undesirable" influences (driving many "reactionaries" into the colonies) in preparation for dealing, finally, with the Federation and Klingon Empire.
Sirok was now the major force in Federation government. He led the Federation Council in the removal of President Sorxana Metheloi, blaming her for failing to keep Starfleet under control. Sirok and the New Way allied with several leftist and non-Human parties at this point and mustered the strength to place Neo-Socialist leader Hadrian Benton into the Presidency. The Neo-Socialists were primarily strong in Human communities, only just beginning to expand their strength into non-Human Federation races; the alliance between the New Way and the Neo-Socialists would open them up to this extra step, as many of the Alpha Quadrant races far from the Klingon and Romulan borders mistrusted the other Human parties as too warlike.
With this new alliance, the New Way Coalition controlled the Federation government. It passed the BNA, with modifications insisted on by President Benton; the BNA now allowed the Federation government to nationalize companies that went bankrupt or refused to cooperate with the new system. Several groups protested that this was unconstitutional. A third of the Council walked out when the BNA was passed and several Council members resigned and urged their planetary governments to break with the Federation if the BNA was enforced. The Federation's private sector, however, soon proved structurally weak to the New Way. There were very few agricultural and construction companies of sufficient resources to oppose the Government because most were small, usually servicing only one continent or planetary region; many gave in rather than trying to oppose the BNA, and the handful that didn't were attacked on two fronts, the beginning of nationalization proceedings coinciding with a vicious press campaign against the company. The citizenry seemed to support the New Way: boycotts against resisting companies devastated most and brought them to heel within a year.
Starfleet was next. The Tomed Incident had provided the excuse Sirok and Benton needed. Two-thirds of Starfleet Command and a third of the Admiralty were sacked by the President and forced to resign. The purge prompted a wave of resignations from lower officers and NCOs in protest; Admirals Sulu and Chekov, the last prominent members of James Kirk's legendary crew still in Starfleet, were amongst them. It was an attempt to bluff Benton into ending his attempted purge but it failed, a failure that would have severe consequences for Starfleet in the coming years. The protests from the public were stronger than they had been from passage of the BNA, but ultimately the New Way prevailed, their supporters in the press playing down the anti-New Way protests and focusing on the more extreme, militant groups to discredit the others. President Benton created a new regulatory body, the Commission on Starfleet Operations, and filled it with New Way men. They in turn appointed a new Starfleet Command composed of "politically suitable" officers (including Starfleet Command's first two Vulcan admirals, mostly notable in that both had only just reached admiralty ranks and were assigned to minor dead-end bureaucracies due to the politics of the pre-purge Starfleet).
2310 was to be the year that the New Way solidified it's power. But the "Old Way" leaders had one last card to play. The New Way's central premise required that the Khitomer Accords be followed and that was about to be challenged. As the election year began, the Klingon Empire announced it could not meet the deadline for the 70% border demilitarization mark that was supposed to be achieved by this time. The Federation press fed upon itself in the frenzy to deal with the announcement due to the clear desire among New Way supporters to sweep it under the rug. The purged Starfleet elements forced the issue in public. The electorate reacted in a mixed fashion. It still wanted the BNA, the guaranteed homes, food, and medical treatment. But old fears of Klingon aggression popped up and anti-New Way demonstrations rocked the worlds along the Klingon Neutral Zone.
Benton proved more maneuverable than Sirok. Sirok insisted on negotiations, but Benton took a hard stance, which had the effect of destroying some of his support with the New Way. His own party was unwilling to abandon their growing popularity in the core worlds and the worlds far from the Klingon and Romulan frontiers. They threw him out. Sirok became President briefly, but his attempts at negotiation failed.
The Klingon Empire was simply unable, structurally, to disarm as much as Gorkon and Azetbur had intended - it's military-industrial complex had too much power. Azetbur pushed the issue in the Klingon High Council, fearing that the Federation might withdraw from the Khitomer Accords. There was resistance from several noble Klingon houses that now had to choose between their traditional support to the government or their own wealth, tied to the military industries. The military began openly defying her authority as well. Azetbur ignored the warnings of her ministers and continued trying to force through a demilitarization in line with the Khitomer Accords. As the Federation election drew closer, Azetbur's pushing hardened. A week before the election she finally managed a Council meeting that could order an immediate withdrawal from the bases, in effect de-militarizing them before the deadline in lieu of immediate dismantling. As she went into the Council Chamber, Azetbur was suddenly attacked by the bodyguards of one of her ministers and fatally stabbed. She died within minutes.
Azetbur's assassination a mere week before the election terrified the Federation populace. Certainly the same Klingon cabal that had killed her father on the eve of the Khitomer Accords was coming to power (in truth her killing was the result of a deranged ultratraditionalist Klingon who opposed female rule). They wanted to be protected. The New Way received it's first setback. Sirok and the four other Vulcan seats were safe due to the New Way's unwavering support from Vulcan, but outside of those seats, the New Way lost a third of it's number in the Council. Surprisingly, a number were lost to the Neo-Socialists, who proved capable - on an individual basis and despite their leadership's support for continued negotiation - of supporting defensive measures more than the pacifist New Way.
Several "Old Way" parties and candidates formed a Coalition and had a near majority to take over the government. They would have to induct the New Way or the Neo-Socialists. Sirok refused to budge from his pacifist position. The Neo-Socialists again proved their malleability when it came to assuming more power. They agreed to join the coalition so long as the BNA was not repealed. The Old Way had no choice and accepted the Neo-Socialists into their midst. With their support, Hikaru Sulu was elected President of the Federation Council.
Sulu would turn out to be the one last gasp of the pre-New Way Federation. Though the ruling coalition could not repeal the BNA, Sulu limited it's use. He stopped all proceeding nationalization cases and raised the price controls so that private sector was no longer in the red from government purchases. The BNA still required him to give the basic living standards (Basic Living Necessities, aka BLN) to all Federation citizens, a task which proved impossible. Sulu's new Cabinent found that even under Benton, funding was short. Only the core sectors could be provided with the BLN. The Neo-Socialists also proved to be mercenary. They would be unable to muster a vote to remove Sulu on their own, but they could still ally with the remaining members of the New Way and their old allies when it came to pushing their social agendas. They pushed through a Council resolution levying a 10% due from all member worlds, to be paid in either funds or BLN goods. Their projections, later proved overly optimistic, showed that this would allow 80% of the Federation to have the BLN within fifteen years.
The charter colonies refused to accept the resolution. Unrepresented in the Federation Council, the charter colonies were the political result of a desire to not give the Federation's founding races an unfair advantage in legislature (which could lead to newer races refusin to join to avoid being marginalized). However, in exchange for not being in the Council, the charter colonies were allowed to rule themselves under any government they wished (so long as it honored the Federation's Constitution) and were exempt from most taxes and dues that could be levied upon represented worlds. They were even permitted to field their own militaries, if they could afford them, so long as they subordinated them to Starfleet in times of crisis. By this point, the population explosion on Earth that started after the Earth-Romulan Wars had expanded to space, and many of these charter colonies were human, a number of them being from particular human cultures as well (there were also similar colonies of Tellarites, Andorians, Betazoids, and other key races).
The Neo-Socialists, again opposing their own coalition partners (And holding hostage their desires to end Starfleet's decline), forced through another Resolution ordering the President to enforce their intial resolution (at the same time they passed a law ensuring they could order dues from any future charter colonies). Sulu refused, citing the Constitution and the Federation's prior agreements with the colonies.
It was Sirok who broke the impasse. In private meetings with Sulu in June 2311, he told the President that if he didn't get the colonies to give the dues, the New Way would put forward a resolution in the Council that would slash Starfleet to such minimal levels that it would be impossible to protect the charter colonies. With the support of the Neo-Socialists and other pacifist groups, it would certainly pass with just enough votes to overcome Sulu's veto (literally one vote, in fact). This amounted to extortion. The colonies mostly lacked the defenses to protect themselves, especially near the frontier. They would have to build up their own defenses and it could cost far more than the dues the Federation was asking for.
Sulu acqueised and extracted a promise from Sirok that Starfleet would be allowed to pursue the New Fleet program that had been initially proposed under Metheloi (this would lead to the modernization of the Excelsior fleet and the building of the newly-planned Ambassador-class battle cruisers and New Orleans-class frigates, among other things). Sirok agreed, perhaps reluctantly. Sulu, not wanting to deal with a court battle with the colonial leaders, forwarded the agreement to the charter colonies, urging them to accept; he could not prevent Sirok and the New Way from getting what they wanted. All but a few charter colonies agreed. In groups over the next few weeks, they began cooperating with the dues and money and materials came into Federation coffers, allowing the BNA to be implemented in the inner tenth of the Federation's territory by 2314.
Sulu's victory was the modernization and upgrading of Starfleet. He then used this as a bargaining chip with the Klingons. The Klingons had become technologically stagnant at this point. Their economy was still unstable as it tried to deal with the cleanup of Quo'noS while overcoming the entrenched military-industrialists, and they could ill afford a new arms race with the Federation so far in the lead. Thus they would not be able to match Starfleet's new forces and lacked the offensive strength to threaten a successful pre-emptive strike before they came online. The new Klingon government under Chancellor Korlaq gave in and demilitarization was put back on track and would remain so for nearly twenty years.
Sulu also attempted to undo Benton's purge. He invited a number of commanders back, but many were rejected by the Commission of Starfleet Operations, which was still controlled by Benton's men. There were also public protests, as many Federation citizens linked those leaders with Tomed (which was coming to be seen as a disaster, not as a failed Romulan attack). Sulu tried to replace the Starfleet Commissioners but was compelled by legislative pressure to back down.
The 2314 elections led to the New Way regaining a few seats, almost all at the expense of the "Old Way", while the Neo-Socialists remained relatively stable in their numbers. Sirok wanted to remove Sulu and cease the New Fleet, but the Neo-Socialists (now under Michelle Moore) again sided with the other parties. They, perhaps more than Sirok, appreciated the need for a powerful Starfleet to keep the Klingons honest.
The two parties still agreed on the key issues, and were making advancements. As the Klingons met their demilitarization marks, the fears that had led to their setbacks in 2310 subsided. Furthermore, by 2318 the BLN was available on 2 out of every 10 Federation worlds. Both parties surged in public membership and support as they made the claim that they were eliminating poverty "for all time", which seemed to be true to the core worlds that voted for most of the Council (in contrast, by then the charter colonies were beginning to feel the ill effects of 10% of their GDPs going to the Federation central government for the BLN and poverty was increasing). The 39th Council was elected that same year, and the "Old Way" parties lost even more ground; the New Way Coalition and Neo-Socialists, together, gained enough seats to control sixty percent of the Council vote. The Neo-Socialists, who had more seats than the New Way, kept Sulu in power but forced him to remove half his Cabinent, including the Secretaries of Transportation, Finance, and Industry, plus the Chairman of the Security Council.
By 2320, the BNA began showing a dark side. Productivity in the core worlds was falling. Unemployment was rising steadily and the pressure on the BLN was increasing. Economists predicted that within ten years, the twenty inner-most systems of the Federation would be de facto command economies as local businesses closed down from a lack of both business and labor. Surveys indicated many people on Earth and nearby planets (save Vulcan) no longer believed it necessary for them to work for a living. The BLN provided everything they needed to survive. They could work little oddjobs once and a while for cash, but so long as they had homes, food, and medical care they were willing to just enjoy life.
It was about to get wrose. In August 2320, the first planet-wide replicator system came online on Mars. Every being living on Mars now had access to public replicators to make whatever they wanted (save weapons, which were not programmed into the system). Earth, Alpha Centauri, and Andor had similar systems online in October, and thirty inner systems were completely online by New Year's. The consumer economy began to collapse. Why would anyone buy a manufactured item when they could easily replicate it for free? Even worse, the public replicator system was considered part of the BLN - the materials and energy needed to power this new, unexpected use of the system came from the BLN. Sulu decided to reform the system and limit it to food. This was not technically a violation of the BNA, so the Council did not stop him. Immediately a wave of public protest erupted; the planets with the replicators wanted the free goods the system offered. They also controlled a disproportionate number of Council seats, and their representatives heeded their protest. A new act, the Replicator Usage Act, was brought forward to the Council to make the use of public replicators for replicating "non-violent items" legal. Sulu vigorously opposed it. He went public; the Federation couldn't afford the RUA being implemented, since it would spike replicator use and require even more raw materials and energy (thus requiring more fusion reactors and even more fuel and staff for those). In 2321 another sixty inner systems gained replicators. Because of the way the Federation Council was set up, these ninety systems controlled a near-majority of the Federation seats at the time. Their neighbors began pursuing them too.
By 2322, eighty percent of the systems with Council seats had planet-wide replicators. Polls and public demonstrations demanded passage of the RUA. The New Way grabbed hold of the issue; Starfleet had to be reduced to provide the funding. The Neo-Socialists vacilitated while Sulu fought back, publicly reminding the Federation's electorate that the money for the BLN came from the charter colonies, who expected defense. Starfleet couldn't be reduced without compromising this.
The New Way won. When the 40th Federation Council convened, seventy-five percent of it's seats were held by the Neo-Socialists and the New Way. Sulu resigned the day after the elections and Sirok was immediately voted to replace him. The New Way and Neo-Socialists split the Cabinent, with the Neo-Socialists taking the key Secretariats of Finance, Industry, and Agriculture, as well as six of the eleven seats in the Federation Security Council. An increase in the levies on the colonies was passed on July 10th 2323, increasing it to 20% by the 2324 fiscal year and 25% by the 2330 fiscal year.
The charter colonies did the only thing left to them: they threatened to secede. Near the Triangle and the Romulan and Klingon frontiers, leaders from three economically powerful charter colony governments in the region - Pacifica, Algrossa, and Nippon - met to debate secession and the formation of a confederated government for self-defense. New Anglia, New Anatolia, the De Soto worlds, and the Hortak Constituency (Andorian) send officials to deliver ultimatums to the Federation government. Several more began openly deliberating secession.
The Neo-Socialists called upon the use of military force to bring the colonies into line. Starfleet could be used to blockade the worlds and force them to accept the will of the Federation government. Sirok wavered while the Neo-Socialists whipped up public support. The colonials were portrayed as greedy capitalists, more intent on their own wealth than on helping to raise all of the peoples of the Federation into prosperity. They had to be stopped, forced to bow to the democratic demands of the Federation's citizenry. Protests and demonstrations broke out against the rebelling colonies. The Colonial Affairs office was purged of suspected sympathizers, writers were fired from news services, and in a few cases confirmed citizens of the charter colonies were outright attacked. It became so bad that when the Federation Supreme Court gave a preliminary ruling in favor of the charter colonies, protestors picketed the Court and one of the Justices was even assaulted while trying to walk his dog.
Sirok was becoming an old man now, well into his 170s. He had worked for over three decades to see his vision of a Federation guided by Surak's teachings realized, and now the neo-Socialists had perverted it with their militarism. He addressed the Council on July 20th and asked them to compromise with the charter colonies. The Neo-Socialists, led by Moore, attacked him viciously. He clearly had no stomach to see his great society come to fruition. The Federation needed a leader who could bring the rebelling colonies to heel and put the Enlightened Society back on track. Half the New Way defected to the Neo-Socialists in the vote of no confidence. Sirok was removed and Moore became President. She immediately began purging the Federation government of Sirok's allies.
Starfleet again became a problem. Sulu had silently appointed officers he trusted into high positions during his Presidency. They refused to attack their own people. Moore sacked Sulu's men and brought back some of Benton's. Starfleet's rank and file nearly revolted now. And some of the public support for force was declining as it became clear that it might result in civil war. After only two months in the Presidency, the Neo-Socialists and New Way removed Moore from office and put in the Council Representative for Tellar, Jovark tha'Twissi.
Jovark played Sirok's old card. He informed the rebelling colonies that he'd have to cut Starfleet if they didn't agree to a dues increase. He also pointedly reminded them, in a public fashion, that they'd probably have to spend just as much of their GDPs to establish their own defenses, which in many case would be reliant on resources within "loyal" Federation systems. Alone, they'd be easy pickings for the Tholians, Klingons, or newly-discovered Cardassians. The colony's public reacted as Jovark hoped and their governments, mostly by slim majorities, backed down and accepted the dues. To facilitate the compromise, Jovark pushed through the Council a modification to the dues increase and removed the increase to 25% in 2330. He perhaps felt that the colony's economies might begin to recover as the BLN was extended to them (a miscalculation that the Secretariat of Finance made, as even the 25% number would not have allowed the BLN to be established in the charter colonies, not to mention the RUA). Nevertheless, the crisis passed without tearing the Federation apart.
This was probably a good thing, as in 2325 new studies showed that the pollution of Quo'noS by the destruction of Praxis three decades before was beginning to decline due to several methods of treating it, mostly developed in the Federation. Though an entire generation of Klingon Homeworld dwellers were poisoned now, the ongoing evacuation could be ended by 2330. In May 2325 the New Anglia-based Center for Federation Defence issued a public report estimating that by 2338 the Klingon military would be able to resume rearmament, with a "year of maximum danger" in 2345; that is, the year that the Klingon Empire could reasonably attack the Federation and expect to win.
Jovark had already decided that Sulu's policy of supporting Starfleet's continued operation was a good policy and he continued it, including the ordering of the second updated flight of New Orleans-class frigates and the expansion of the Ambassador fleet. Jovark may have been influenced by Sulu's Security Advisor, Marilyn Cobalt, who avoided the forced purges in Sulu's final term and afterward. After Jovark's death in 2340, Cobalt wrote in her memoirs that Jovark had possessed very little personal understanding of military affairs and matters of Federation security, meaning he was likely to follow the best-sounding suggestion to come across, which was usually Cobalt due to Jovark's personal respect for Sulu (and by extension, Sulu's choices for advisors). Cobalt's advice centered on maintaining Starfleet as a credible military threat to the Federation's many aggressive neighbors. Though negotiations with the Gorn were finally paying off, there were still other threats to be concerned with, particularly the Tholians and the Klingons.
Jovark's party men, Security Council Chairwoman Marie Jospin and Senior Commissioner of Starfleet Operations Ikvora Dosh'kal, often complained about being ignored. They took their complaints to the Neo-Socialist leadership. When the Council officialy protested Cobalt's "unchecked influence on Starfleet policy" in the first open meeting of 2326, Jovark sent Cobalt to address them and defend herself, and Cobalt pointed out to the Council that the strength of Starfleet was the only thing keeping the Klingons in adherence with the Khitomer Accords now that Quo'noS was recovering. The Federation "had twenty years of guaranteed peace left". From 2345 and beyond, nothing could guarantee peace with the Klingon Empire any longer. Despite Jospin and Dosh'kal's protests, the Council accepted her argument.
Jovark also continued Sulu's policy of not levying dues on new charter colonies so that colonization efforts would not be hindered for such little gain. This had an even greater effect that Jovark probably intended. As the dues increase caused economic stagnation in the older established charter colonies, citizenry took off for new ones where taxes would be lower. The resulting increase in manpower - and thus in produced goods, materials, and resources - created an entire generation of economic prosperity in the colony worlds that probably enriched the Federation far more than it anticipated just by tax dues and tariffs from the resulting trade. Had wiser governments less fixed to their course been in power, they may have very well never placed dues upon these worlds. Of course, this did not happen and the boom ended after a generation; many of the colonies established in the 2310s would be levied with dues by the 40s, and by 2360 not a single charter colony in the Federation would be exempt from the dues. The economic health of the frontier charter colonies lapsed at precisely the same time that they were coming under direct external threat, which the Federation's central government often failed to appreciate.
Jovark's Presidency lasted twelve years before he resigned on his own, in which he proved to be a stable head of state, if not overly bright or willing to make sacrifices to reduce the decline of the Federation's private sector. His Vulcan successor, Turok of T'Pala, was the leader of the New Way and Sirok's successor. Turok decided he had no use for Starfleet. The budget crisis wasn't ending and strain on the system was growing. His new Cabinent mostly supported scalebacks in Starfleet, but it was pointed out that the Neo-Socialists still accepted Cobalt's views. Furthermore, scaling back Starfleet would breach the agreement with the charter colonies. They would certainly secede and just deal with the pain of establishing their own defenses.
Turok's new Senior Starfleet Commissioner, T'Par, found a solution. She advocated a silent, secret cutback in the form of "improving efficiency". The public would be told that waste in Starfleet spending would be cut, the fat removed and leaving only muscle. In truth, the new construction programs would be reduced in cost by cutting corners. Fewer and smaller weapons, as well as smaller and less sophisticated shield generators, would be mounted upon ships. The new weapons projects (which would, when re-instated later, eventually produce pulse phaser cannons and the quantum torpedo) would be cut in funding. The government could easily hide the exact funding going to each branch, and by classifying it those in the know could not go public. Turok agreed with T'Par's ideas. Starfleet's budget was thus "scaled back" by no less than 40 percent, as a result of supposed "improved financial efficiency". It would not be until the 2350s that Starfleet would begin to recover; only in 2367, after Wolf 359, would Starfleet's budget return to pre-Turok levels.
Turok's secret budget slashing of Starfleet was not enough to save the faltering system. In the 2330s, only a handful of private companies remained in the initial BNA-related industries, and mostly because they catered to wealthy tastes that could not be included under the BNA. The Federation had found it necessary, under Jovark, to nationalize 95 percent of the core sectors' private agricultural and construction companies, 70 percent of the companies that produced basic consumer goods (chairs, tables, cutlery, appliances, and other items to furnish the public housing provided by the BLN system), and 64 percent of the pharmaceutical companies. The industries that hadn't been touched were also declining from a lack of trained workers. Everyone was falling back on the BLN and the replicator systems, with fewer core sector citizens going to universities and colleges or entering the workforce. By 2340 PellCorp found it necessary to bring in workers from the charter colonies to man the key shipyards at Utopia Planitia due to the lack of a trained and skilled labor force in Sol system.
The GDP of the core sectors, once the heart of Federation industry, was falling as the expenses of the BLN went up. Unlike the charter colonies that didn't have BLN, there was less emigration from the core regions to accomodate the rising population. Immigration from the colonies, in the form of failed entrepreneurs and the poor looking for housing and sustenance, placed even greater burdens on the system. Only the Vulcans were uneffected, as the grip of strict devotion to Surak remained as tight as ever. Vulcans kept working despite the comforts offered, since it was illogical, to them, to become dormant and parasitical upon society. Economists began publishing dire estimates and warnings; the Federation couldn't last this way. By the end of the century, it was estimated that the GDP of Earth would be a mere fifth of it's GDP in 2300 even as it's population rose by thirty-five percent (immigration being partially offset by declining birth rates).
Even Sirok finally turned on his own system. In March 2343, at the age of 194, he published another work. It's title sent waves throughout the New Way; The Failed Experiment. Sirok decided that the Federation could not implement the system he envisaged properly. The other races did not embrace Surak's principles; the embracing of logic and rejection of emotional thinking, the renunciation of personal gain and comfort for working together to better society. A contempotary Human advisor commented "It was as if Marx had renounced the Communist Manifesto in his dotage." The effect on the New Way was profound. Their founder had rejected them. Something must have gone wrong.
Turok thought he found what had happened. The New Way had allowed their ideals to be corrupted by the Neo-Socialists, who had failed to follow Surak. He urged the New Way to reject the Neo-Socialists' agendas, to begin scaling back BLN until the people could be educated in the teaching of Surak. The Neo-Socialists counter-attacked. The New Way was outdated now, nothing more than a pack of weak-stomached Vulcans and Surakists. Only the Neo-Socialists could bring the Enlightened Society to fulfillment.
The Surakist label was clearly negative and unpopular. Despite the claims of the Federation being completely tolerant and unracist, there was always racist sentiments boiling under the surface in a number of communities, particularly against Vulcans, who were perceived as insufferably arrogant. Now the Neo-Socialists tapped that anti-Vulcan sentiment and directed it against the New Way. If a member of the New Way wanted to avoid being tainted by the label "Surakist", they had to break with Turok. Most did; the defectors merged with the Neo-Socialists who in turn removed Turok and elected a new President, a middle-aged Andorian named Jirvshk la'Jart.
Jirvshk had spent his younger years as a member and "agitator" of the Young Socialist Party of Andor in the 2290s, "agitating" on his Homeworld for a return to the "honored ways of our ancestors" and a rejection of "Human materialism". He had served as a member of the party hierarchy for years, working as a bureaucrat in the Andorian Ministry of BLN Distribution and holding it's Minister position for three years before his first election to Andor's seat in the Federation Council in 2332. In 2340, he was furthermore appointed Chairman of the Socialist Party Central Committee. Unlike prior Chairmen, he did not give up his Council seat, and kept the Chairman position even after being elected President. He imemdiately pushed through new protocol; Jirvshk intended that from then on, all Socialist Presidents of the Council would also be Chairmen of the Party's Central Committee. Jirvshk also used his positions, united, to crack down on dissent within the Party (which became capitalized in official correspondence). Dissenters in the bureaucracy were sacked and all dissent was threatened with potential expulsion from the party ranks. That threat alone was severe enough. With the merger, most of the bureaucratic positions managing both the BLN and the colonial levies belonged to the ruling Party. Jirvshk's "reforms" were proving a dangerous combination. Irate historians pointed out that by merging the leadership of the Government to the leadership of the Party and enforcing loyalty to the Party line, he was beginning to emulate the government type of the Soviet Union and it's satellites in the 20th Century. By the time the news widely circulated, Jirvshk had already begun his press reforms and managed to quash the debate in the core sectors by denying it air-time (it continued in the charter colonies, fueling secessionist and anti-government sentiment).
One of the first things Jirvshk did was try to put a positive spin on what had happened. The end of the New Way/Neo-Socialist ruling coalition was not a hostile one; it was a merger of the two parties, to better govern the Federation. To help facilitate government public relations, Jirvshk established the Federation Press Service and granted them a portion of the public communications bandwidth, which had been nationalized under Turok. Press corporations that protested had their licenses revoked. Two, Murdoch Broadcasting and Earth Today, sued and would eventually be heard before the Federation Supreme Court (though their victory in 2347 would be too little, too late, and would be ignored by Jirvshk).
To show that the merger of the Neo-Socialists and the New Way was an honest one, Jirvshk changed the party's name. They became the Party of the Federation's Ideals and would soon be called "Idealogues". What was left of the New Way, under Turok, became the Social Enlightenment Party, but within ten years their membership would be almost entirely composed of Vulcans or non-Vulcans converted to Surakism. A third party, the Social Progressives, would eventually come into being in the 2350s when Jirvshk's successors proved less capable than he in centralizing Party power in the government. The Idealogue Party was now the ruling power of the Federation.
Jirvshk came into office with only a year left before the "year of maximum danger". The Klingons had begun rearming on schedule, with their equivalent of the 2338 Fiscal Year seeing an military budget increase of ten percent. Quo'noS' ozone layer was declared completely repaired a year later. By 2344, they were back to pre-Khitomer spending levels while the Federation was at an all-time low. Jirvshk wanted re-armament but not more than he wanted to maintain and expand the BLN, which he saw as the key to keeping the support for Socialism in the represented core sectors. The Galaxy Project seemed the best solution to reminding the Klingons of how strong the Federation was. But Jirvshk's plans for the future did not include the defense contractors. He had no legal pretense, yet, for nationalizing them, so he simply removed them from the loop. The Federation Starship Design Bureau (FSDB), the Federation Science Council, and various other new bureaucracies for reseach and development were established and staffed with Party loyalists in key positions. They were directed to take over the Galaxy Project. The defense contractors, pasrticularly PellCorp, were disgusted, but could do nothing about it.
The Party loyalists, in turn, were highly nepotistic. For instance, Dr. Matthew Brahms, the Director of the Reactor Development Division, hired his own daughter to help develop the Galaxy-class's warp core despite her failure as a civilian engineer with PellCorp. The differing divisions in the FSDB bickered and struggled, forcing Bureau Director Gora Thashkta - the daughter-in-law of one of Jirvshk's old comrades from his agitating days - to mediate, and in turn she often had to get Jirvshk's permission for budget re-alignment as new technologies for the ship were proposed, scrapped, or altered. The Galaxy-class, originally scheduled to be built by the end of the decade and the beginning of the next, ended up ten years overdue; the U.S.S. Galaxy would not be finished until 2362 and it's second unit, named the Enterprise after the current Enterprise's destruction at Narendra III, would be commissioned in 2363.
Narendra III turned out to be Jirvshk's salvation. The attacks there and at Khitomer by the Romulan Empire convinced the Klingons that the Romulans were too great a threat to leave uncontested while attacking the Federation. They met with Jirvshk and in January of 2347 the Khitomer Accords were "re-affirmed" by the two governments. The Klingons apparently respected Jirvshk more than his earlier two predecessors. He was a "warrior king", according to correspondence from Ambassador Dagktor. The Klingon Empire could rely on him and on the strength of Starfleet. The Klingons never really understood how weak Starfleet had become until the wars of the 50s, and the realization didn't really set in until after Wolf 359 (ironically after the Federation itself begin re-arming).
Jirvshk's external problems were apparently solved. The time for inward consolidation had come. Jirvshk was well-read and a fan of ancient and recent Andorian history. He admired, simultaneously, the ancient autocratic kings of Andor's pre-industrial societies and the Socialist governments that had ruled two of Andor's continents in the two centuries just before contact with other races occurred. Andor, like Earth, had seen the rise of Communist government, but unlike Earth's failed experiment with Communism, Andor's brand managed to stay in power until after alien contact reinforced their enemies and led to their downfall from an inability to meet the technological challenge (most non-Idealogue historians today agree that the Andorian anti-Communist governments' acquisition of alien technology did to their Communist govermments what Reagan's military revolution did to the Soviet Union). Jirvshk believed that Andorian Socialism, unlike it's disproven Human counterpart, could be imposed on the entire Federation. And he was the man to do it.
In 2346, the Idealogues faced their first elections and won nine out of ten seats. New Anglian Parliamentarian Frederick Howard, Duke of New Norfolk, lamented that "the rot is complete". The Federation's core sector populations were happy and content with the BLN. The Idealogues promised to keep it going, while their enemies did not. Thus the Idealogues won easily. Jirvshk took his opportunity. Within days of the results, he removed four of the other ten members of the Party Central Committee, accusing them of "Surakism". Their crime had been to suggest placing limits on the BLN - a politically suicidal thought that could cost the Idealogue Party prestige and support.
After this leadership purge, Jirvshk went after Starfleet indirectly. Though most of it's admirals were considered politically reliable, with the resignations of Sirok's supporters in 2343, Jirvshk distrusted the rank and file. He especially distrusted the Starfleet Marine Corps, which still recruited heavily from the same charter colonies that had reacted negatively to his rise. Jirvshk abolished the Marine Corps with an Executive Order on the 10th of August 2346 and sacked all of it's colonial-born officers. Starfleet Command protested that they needed a force to protect their ships and installations, and to use for planetary invasion. Jirvshk immediately forced through Council legislation establishing the Federation Security Force, formally approved on the 11th of August in a special session for the matter, which was staffed with the remains of the Marine Corps. The FSF for short, they recruited from the "loyal' inner worlds (which did not include Vulcan), gaining mostly listliss youth and the Party's faithful. Officially under the government, they in effect answered to Jirvshk alone, through the Party bureaucrats whom he placed in command.
Jirvshk decided that Starfleet Command wasn't as loyal as he wanted. He signed orders two weeks after the elections that purged Starfleet Command of several leading Admirals who had risen to prominence in Sulu and Jovark's days. Starfleet Commander-in-Chief Joseph Bruti was among those removed, as was the head of Starfleet Operations, Admiral Demora Sulu. The sacking of Hikaru Sulu's daughter, so soon after his passing (he died five days after the election), provoked a protest in San Francisco. It seemed that even twenty-six years of luxury under the BLN was not enough to completely eradicate the legend of the Kirk era from the minds of the common citizenry. Jirvshk decided to act against this "reactionary" tendency by ordering Starfleet to remove the name of Kirk and his comrades, anyone closely associated with him, from their list of potential ship names. He also had the section of Starfleet's history museum dedicated to Kirk's exploits reduced in size and scope and financed a propaganda campaign to revision Kirk's importance to the Federation. His reputed anti-Klingon racism, his violent tendencies, and his rebelliousness and militaristic impulses were espoused in a way to try and turn the public away from their hero worship for Kirk. The campaign mostly failed. The citizens of the Federation would continue to worship Kirk as the ideal Starfleet commander. Jirvshk's subordinantes hid the truth from him with rigged polls and by using Party faithful and hired citizens to hold scripted "protests" against Kirk's surviving comrades whenever they made public appearances. When Jirvshk acted on the false data and ordered the reduction of Leonard McCoy's pension, several members of Starfleet Command, including the heads of Starfleet Medical, secretly sent money to McCoy to compensate. Jirvshk never learned of this rebellion against his authority, probably for the better, as his likely reaction - a purge - would have crippled Starfleet's Medical division for a decade.
The FSF were officially supposed to provide infantry for military purposes and for providing security to government installations. Very quickly, it's Party officers proved the FSF was effective as a secret police force too. Though Jirvshk hadn't done anything to directly effect existing Constitutional rights, the FSF harassed his political adversaries, business owners, and visiting colonials. They recruited spies and moved them into the colonies and set up spy networks that reached into the upper levels of several charter colony governments. When Jirvshk heard that Nikolai Simonov, the Premier of Novya Moskva, was contemplating secession over the establishment of dues over the Muscovite systems in May of 2347, he had him secretly arrested and brought to Earth for trial. The FSF was already in position to be used to suppress the resulting protests. When they were called in to deal with protestors in the Muscovite capitol of Nikolingrad, force had to be used after the protestors began throwing Molotov cocktails. Sixteen people were killed and many wounded. Jirvshk used his control of public communications to block the news from getting out immediately. His propagandists used the time to spin the crackdown as the FSF responding to attacks against them. Jirvshk's enemies still protested. He was becoming a dictator. Juchiro Kanaga, President of Nippon, called on the Federation Council to remove Jirvshk. Kanaga was targeted for arrest by the FSF, but the local FSF commander was unwilling to open fire on the Nipponese Presidential Guards (he was later purged and imprisoned for insubordination). The FSF backed down and Nippon was "punished" by having Starfleet reduce it's presence, which resulted in a twenty percent increase of attacks by Orion pirates.
As Jirvshk struggled to consolidate his power, the budget problems did not improve. The Federation Government was going into debt from the burden of the BLN and abuse of the RUA. Jirvshk tackled the problem in two fashions, both of which having horrible consequences for the future. First, Jirvshk imposed dues on the charter colonies that had been exempt since their establishment during Sulu's Presidency, resulting in the incident on Novya Moskva. For a generation these worlds had generated a great deal of revenue through trade with the core sectors. Now their economies, just now becoming self-sufficient, were effectively reduced by a fifth. Discontent spiked, especially among the older people who in their youth had escaped to the outer charter colonies to escape economic stagnation from the inner colonies' dues. Several protests included the burning of the Federation flag and nationalist, secessionist sentiments gained popularity. In several cases the Party bureaucrats sent to begin overseeing the due payments were subjected to harrassment or even attack.
Jirvshk counter-attacked by reducing Starfleet presence in the most rebellious colonies. The Cardassians raided several for resources and slaves for their industrial complex or for brutish "training exercises" for their army conscripts, including the infamous Rape of Nova Savona in July of 2348. Raids by the Tsen'kethi were also common and would end up provoking the Federation-Tsen'kethi War in the next decade. By 2349, most of the colonies in the region were battered by the combined squeezing of the due payments and damage from the raiding. Thousands of colonists were missing, presumed dead or somewhere in Cardassian space slaving away in forced labor camps. Violence against the bureaucrats had dropped to nothing and Jirvshk re-deployed Starfleet into the region in the first months of '49. He considered the region pacified, but he had in fact created for the Federation government a deadly enemy in the region. The local colonists would not soon forget Jirvshk's great crime against them, and they and their children would swear that it would never happen again.
At the same time as he imposed dues on the outer colonies, Jirvshk ordered the Secretariat of Finance to begin "issuing" more Federation credits. The Credit had been developed by the Government thirty years after the Federation's founding, mostly for the intent of being easy travel money that would be honored anywhere in the Federation and most places outside of it. At one time it was even valued on dilithium, before the re-crystallization process had been discovered. In recent years, the government had been issuing "living credits" for citizens to use with the BLN. There was still a theoretical limit to how much one could acquire with the BLN standard, so the living credits had some value as only so many were issued, depending on the number of people in a household. Jirvshk combined these currencies. They were not printed or coined, of course, and were not technically money; they were now just government-issued credits to ensure everyone had the BLN.
Naturally, every world or government had it's own currency. Some, like the Earth and Pacifican Dollars, Algrossan Mark, Anglian Pound, and Nova Roman Lira were quite popular and widespread as recognizable, valuable hard currency. By this time the Earth dollar was out of circulation, as the need for it collapsed with the destruction of Earth's consumer economy (Several other core world currencies had suffered similar fates), but the others were still in circulation and only weakened by the oppressive dues on the issuing governments. By Federation law, the credit could not be devalued compared to these currencies beyond a certain point (that law had been implemented over a century before to protect the citizenry from market changes in the relative value of the Federation credit, ensuring they could always get hard currency for it). The Federation Government still used the credit as a form of money in dealing with the private companies it bought goods from, including those in the charter colonies that it purchased BLN goods from due to lapses in production in the core worlds. The businesses were paid in credits that were worthless, but by law banks and other institutions had to honor them and allow them to be cashed in for hard currency, even as price controls ensured that the companies were effectively operating at a loss whenever the Government bought their goods. This produced a drain on the Federation economy as the colonies' hard currency was dragged down by the unrestrained issuing of the credit.
Jirvshk seemed to care little. As far as he was concerned, capitalism was a deviation of good social attitude. The glorification of amassing wealth was immoral, and the system it created - companies, corporations, stock markets - should be destroyed in favor of a government run system in which society made the decisions, not wealthy and decadent sentients. To further this end, he needed strong, personal control of the entire Federation, backed up by force and subversion if necessary.
The FSF was now the Party's personal army, but Jirvshk wanted a better apparatus for dealing with internal and external security threats so that the FSF could concentrate on being the visible arm of the Party's forces. He found his solution in a review of Starfleet Intelligence. One of it's bodies was Section 31, an analytical branch devoted to the interpretation of field intel. Jirvshk co-opted it by appointing one of his Party loyalists to lead it. Elements of the FSF were brought into Section 31 to operate under it's control against both internal and external threats. They would begin spying against dissidents, charter colony governments, and foreign governments. Jirvshk likely intended for Section 31 to be the Secret Police and Intelligence branch of his regime.
The transformation of the Federation into a pseudo-Communist state continued. By 2350 there were signs that the BLN's bureaucracy and management were showing the same corruptive tendancies as the old Soviet Union's apparatchik. Materials and hard currency sent to the Federation coffers were being skimmed away and sold for the wealth of bureaucrats, while the bureaucrats, to avoid Jirvshk's wrath, were cooking the books to avoid detection. The nationalized farms and factories providing goods for the BLN were later proved to be having the same problems.
Jirvshk was not finished. Ultimate power was within his grasp. He had already appointed close friends - and fellow Socialist idealogues - into key government positions, but he was not yet out of reach. He had cowed the colonies in the Alpha Quadrant frontier region by reminding them of their helplessness without Starfleet. His internal party purges had guaranteed a bureaucracy that was mostly loyal to him, for fear that he would fire them for deviating from his vision. Many of his would-be rivals had already been purged from the Party ranks and thus the government. But he could still be removed by the Federation Council or the Central Committee, who were growing leery of Jirvshk's growing authoritarianism. They would have to be removed before Jirvshk could become sole authority of the Federation.
We now know from recovered archival data that Jirvshk had apparently planned an internal coup and purge. Jirvshk, as Party Chairman, scheduled a meeting for the 2nd of August of that year with several leading members of the Federation Council (who would presumably be re-elected) and the Party itself at the Party headquarters in Trier on Earth. The same day, the FSF was scheduled to do large-scale, divisional maneuvers in Europe and in California. It seems obvious that Jirvshk was ready to take the final step; removing his potential rivals in the Party and Starfleet and taking direct control. But on June 6th, while making a tour of a new replicator assembly plant on Andor, Jirvshk suddenly collapsed. His physicians reported he had come down with Firvakh's Sickness, a terminal neurological disease. It was one of the quicker cases. Two days after his collapse, physicians agreed Jirvshk was no longer capable of governing. The disease's degeneration of his brain continued, and on the 13th Jirvshk slipped into a coma. He died on the 19th, taking all of his dreams of being a Socialist autocrat with him.
The Government announced a week of mourning to be held. Jirvshk's body was laid in state in the Presidential Palace Courtyard of Paris from the 27th of June to the 27th of July. The Chairwoman of the Security Council, Deborah Miller, served as interim President until the Council Elections were over. The FSF exercises were predictably post-poned. On the 2nd of August, the same day that Jirvshk was possibly intending to seize total power, Deborah Miller was elected President of the Federation Council and Chairwoman of the Party's Central Committee. She immediately renounced some of Jirvshk's strong-handed tactics and dedicated her Presidency to the pursuit of "Galactic Peace". The Federation's brief flirtation with a potential dictatorship was over. Sirok, now 201 years old and suffering from the early stages of Bendii Syndrome, was present at her official inaugeration. He gave Miller his personal endorsement in what was his final public appearance; the architect of the "Enlightened Society" died on February 19th, 2351.
More in next post